| CHENG Jing,LI Zhenghao,LI Xinyi,GONG Tianying,LI Yiyao,HE Limeng,LIN Xiangde.Advance in Application of Superhydrophobic Blood-repellent Surfaces for Medical Devices[J],54(10):47-60 |
| Advance in Application of Superhydrophobic Blood-repellent Surfaces for Medical Devices |
| Received:November 19, 2024 Revised:March 28, 2025 |
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| DOI：10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2025.10.004 |
| KeyWord:s of the Papers Printed in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 1832, 1:171-172. |
| Author | Institution |
| CHENG Jing |
School of Medical Instrument, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai , China |
| LI Zhenghao |
School of Medical Instrument, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai , China |
| LI Xinyi |
School of Medical Instrument, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai , China |
| GONG Tianying |
School of Medical Instrument, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai , China |
| LI Yiyao |
School of Medical Instrument, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai , China |
| HE Limeng |
School of Medical Instrument, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai , China |
| LIN Xiangde |
School of Medical Instrument, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai , China |
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| Abstract: |
| When medical devices come into contact with blood, they typically trigger the body's coagulation mechanisms and rejection responses, leading to hemodynamic interactions between them and increasing the risk of bacterial infections on the device surface. This results in a series of adverse reactions during clinical use, such as coagulation effects, thrombosis formation, hemolysis, protein adhesion, and microbial infections. Recent studies find that constructing superhydrophobic surfaces on blood-contacting surfaces can reduce biomolecule adhesion, improve hemolysis and coagulation, enhance blood compatibility, and inhibit surface microbial growth. This has become an effective strategy for improving the blood compatibility of medical device surfaces and is widely applied to blood-contacting medical devices. However, the mechanisms of interaction between superhydrophobic surfaces and blood, cells, and bacteria are not yet fully understood, which limits their further medical application. To promote the application and development of superhydrophobic surfaces in the medical field, this paper summarizes the current methods for constructing superhydrophobic surfaces, the materials used, and the mechanisms behind their blood compatibility. There are two main methods for constructing superhydrophobic surfaces:single-step and multi-step. The single-step method completes both the micro/nano-structure construction and low surface energy modification in a single process, such as sol-gel, electro-spraying, deposition, 3D printing, chemical etching, laser ablation, photolithography, and template methods. The multi-step method first prepares the surface micro/nano-structure and then modifies it with low surface energy materials. The materials used for constructing superhydrophobic surfaces include metals, metal oxides, phosphides, carbon-based nanoparticles, fluorinated chemicals, organosilicon compounds, polymers, and biomolecules. This paper discusses the interactions between superhydrophobic surfaces and plasma proteins, platelets, and red blood cells in blood. The excellent blood compatibility of superhydrophobic surfaces is attributed to the Cassie state. Specifically, the micro/nano-structure morphology of superhydrophobic surfaces significantly affects the interactions between blood cells and bacteria. For example, high-curvature nanostructures are less likely to be adhered to by plasma proteins. Modifying the spacing, distribution density, curvature, and aspect ratio of micro/nano-structures can adjust the adhesion of blood cells and bacteria on superhydrophobic surfaces. This paper also summarizes the mechanisms of superhydrophobic surfaces in resisting blood adhesion, including the reduction of the effective attachment area for blood cells and unique fluid dynamic properties. For example, in platelet adhesion, superhydrophobic surfaces not only inhibit platelet adhesion by reducing the effective attachment area but also further reduce the chances of platelet contact with the surface through their unique fluid dynamics, thereby exhibiting excellent anti-platelet adhesion properties. Additionally, the paper reviews the application of superhydrophobic surfaces in blood-contacting medical devices, specifically in the following categories:1) implantable medical devices, such as heart or vascular implants, cardiac valves, occluders, vascular stents, and bone implants; 2) extracorporeal circulation devices, such as blood purification and dialysis devices, cardiopulmonary bypass equipment; and 3) wound healing applications, such as antibacterial and hemostatic dressings. The application of superhydrophobic coatings on surfaces of blood-contacting medical devices has great potential, especially in reducing thrombosis and preventing infections. These coatings effectively prevent the adhesion of blood components and bacteria due to their high apparent contact angle, low surface energy, and complex surface structure. However, current challenges including the stability, durability, and comprehensive evaluation of the biological compatibility of the coatings, require further research and resolution. Future research should focus on several areas:first, having in-depth understanding of the interaction between superhydrophobic surfaces and blood under dynamic flow conditions, to optimize their anti-fouling and anti-thrombosis performance. Second, exploring cost-effective and easy-to-manufacture methods for preparing superhydrophobic surfaces to enhance their feasibility and sustainability in practical applications. Furthermore, the long-term stability and biocompatibility of superhydrophobic materials need to be further evaluated to ensure their safety and effectiveness in long-term use across various clinical environments. In summary, superhydrophobic coatings hold great promise as a potential solution for blood-contacting medical devices in the future. Despite the challenges, continuous progress in technology and research will provide broad prospects for their application and development. |
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