| MU Xingyu,LI Xin,HAN Yiming,YANG Jianwei.Experimental Study on Fretting Wear of TC4 Titanium Alloy under Biaxial Alternating Load[J],54(5):128-142 |
| Experimental Study on Fretting Wear of TC4 Titanium Alloy under Biaxial Alternating Load |
| Received:May 09, 2024 Revised:October 31, 2024 |
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| DOI：10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2025.05.010 |
| KeyWord:fretting wear biaxial loading biaxial alternating loads phase differences TC4 titanium alloy wear mechanism |
| Author | Institution |
| MU Xingyu |
School of Mechanical-electronic and Vehicle Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing , China |
| LI Xin |
School of Mechanical-electronic and Vehicle Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing , China |
| HAN Yiming |
School of Mechanical-electronic and Vehicle Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing , China |
| YANG Jianwei |
School of Mechanical-electronic and Vehicle Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing , China |
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| Abstract: |
| This paper introduces the characteristics of fretting wear in practical engineering and designs a dual axis loading fretting wear testing machine to study the fretting wear mechanism under complex multi axis alternating load conditions. Currently, most research has focused on the combination of variable tangential forces and constant normal loads. This study particularly emphasizes the experimental study of the fretting wear characteristics of TC4 titanium alloy under biaxial alternating loads. This paper adopts a self-designed biaxial loading fretting wear testing system to perform joint loading of alternating normal load and axial displacement load. During the experiment, the normal load loading assembly is subject to a pressure compression cycle load to ensure that the fretting pad and the flat specimen are always maintained contact throughout the entire experiment process. This testing system permits exploration of fretting wear under varying conditions, such as different means and amplitudes of the normal load and axial displacement, as well as under both proportional and non-proportional (varying phase differences) biaxial loading scenarios. All axial displacement load parameters were set to:P=115 μm, A=125 μm, with a loading frequency of 6 Hz. By controlling variables like the mean, amplitude, and phase difference (0°, 45°, 90°) of the alternating normal loads, the study examines the fretting wear behavior of TC4 titanium alloy under these conditions. Furthermore, the impact of these factors on the alloy's fretting wear behavior is analyzed using Ft-D images and surface wear morphology diagram of the flat specimens. The results demonstrate significant deviations in the Ft-D curve of the specimens under alternating load conditions compared with constant load conditions. The Ft-D curve of the global slip state shows an approximate d-shape. As the number of cycles increases, the Ft-D curve gradually transforms into an ellipse and eventually tends to a straight line shape. Decreasing mean alternating loads lead to debris accumulation on the friction surface, accompanied by increased wear depth and width, exacerbating wear intensity. Compared with the initial wear volume of the sample, the wear volume increased by 12.3% to 363.7%. The wear morphology changes from a "W" shape to a "U" shape. Concurrently, the fretting wear regime transitions from adhesive wear to delamination wear. Furthermore, maintaining constant mean and amplitude of alternating loads, greater phase differences between biaxial alternating loads correspond to more pronounced wear severity. Compared with the initial wear volume of the sample, the wear volume increased by 749.2% to 1 791.3%. When the phase difference and amplitude of the normal load are held constant, an increase in the mean normal load tends to result in a localized slip in the fretting motion. When the mean and amplitude of the normal load are consistent, an increase in the phase difference inclines the evolution of fretting motions towards the global slip. Applying a high mean alternating normal load maintains the fretting motion in a partial slip state, with oxidation and adhesive wear being the predominant mechanisms of material damage. Applying an average normal load shifts the fretting motion state from the global slip zone to a mixed zone, resulting in a combination of oxidation wear, abrasive wear, and delamination wear. Under conditions of lower normal loads, the fretting motion remains in a partial slip state, leading to surface fretting cracks, with oxidation wear, delamination wear, and abrasive wear as the primary forms of material damage. |
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